7-3-308
Section 7-3-308 Proof of signatures and status as holder in due course. (a) In an action with
respect to an instrument, the authenticity of, and authority to make, each signature on the
instrument is admitted unless specifically denied in the pleadings. If the validity of a signature
is denied in the pleadings, the burden of establishing validity is on the person claiming
validity, but the signature is presumed to be authentic and authorized unless the action is
to enforce the liability of the purported signer and the signer is dead or incompetent at
the time of trial of the issue of validity of the signature. If an action to enforce the instrument
is brought against a person as the undisclosed principal of a person who signed the instrument
as a party to the instrument, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the defendant
is liable on the instrument as a represented person under Section 7-3-402(a). (b) If the validity
of signatures is admitted or proved and there is...
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7-3-302
Section 7-3-302 Holder in due course. (a) Subject to subsection (c) and Section 7-3-106(d),
"holder in due course" means the holder of an instrument if: (1) The instrument
when issued or negotiated to the holder does not bear such apparent evidence of forgery or
alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity;
and (2) The holder took the instrument (i) for value, (ii) in good faith, (iii) without notice
that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or that there is an uncured default
with respect to payment of another instrument issued as part of the same series, (iv) without
notice that the instrument contains an unauthorized signature or has been altered, (v) without
notice of any claim to the instrument described in Section 7-3-306, and (vi) without notice
that any party has a defense or claim in recoupment described in Section 7-3-305(a). (b) Notice
of discharge of a party, other than discharge in an insolvency proceeding,...
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7-3-417
Section 7-3-417 Presentment warranties. (a) If an unaccepted draft is presented to the drawee
for payment or acceptance and the drawee pays or accepts the draft, (i) the person obtaining
payment or acceptance, at the time of presentment, and (ii) a previous transferor of the draft,
at the time of transfer, warrant to the drawee making payment or accepting the draft in good
faith that: (1) The warrantor is, or was, at the time the warrantor transferred the draft,
a person entitled to enforce the draft or authorized to obtain payment or acceptance of the
draft on behalf of a person entitled to enforce the draft; (2) The draft has not been altered;
and (3) The warrantor has no knowledge that the signature of the drawer of the draft is unauthorized.
(b) A drawee making payment may recover from any warrantor damages for breach of warranty
equal to the amount paid by the drawee less the amount the drawee received or is entitled
to receive from the drawer because of the payment. In addition,...
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15-8-150
Section 15-8-150 Contents; sufficiency; use of analogous forms. The forms of indictment set
forth in this section in all cases in which they are applicable, are sufficient, and analogous
forms may be used in other cases. (1) CAPTION, COMMENCEMENT AND CONCLUSION GENERALLY. The
State of Alabama,) Circuit court, ___ session, ___) 20___ The grand jury of said county charge
that, before the finding of this indictment, etc. (describing the offense as in the following
forms), against the peace and dignity of the State of Alabama. E.F.J.,District Attorney of
the ______ circuit. (2) ADVERTISING, ETC., UNREGISTERED SECURITIES. A. B. did, contrary to
law, and subsequent to the ____ day of ____, 20__, advertise (or otherwise describing the
unlawful act) in this state for the purpose of inducing or securing subscriptions to or sales
of the capital stock of the X. Y. company (or otherwise describing the security so advertised),
which said stock (or other security) had not then...
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7-3-305
Section 7-3-305 Defenses and claims in recoupment. (a) Except as stated in subsection (b),
the right to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an instrument is subject to the following:
(1) A defense of the obligor based on (i) infancy of the obligor to the extent it is a defense
to a simple contract, (ii) duress, lack of legal capacity, or illegality of the transaction
which, under other law, nullifies the obligation of the obligor, (iii) fraud that induced
the obligor to sign the instrument with neither knowledge nor reasonable opportunity to learn
of its character or its essential terms, or (iv) discharge of the obligor in insolvency proceedings;
(2) A defense of the obligor stated in another section of this article or a defense of the
obligor that would be available if the person entitled to enforce the instrument were enforcing
a right to payment under a simple contract; and (3) A claim in recoupment of the obligor against
the original payee of the instrument if the claim arose...
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7-3-416
Section 7-3-416 Transfer warranties. (a) A person who transfers an instrument for consideration
warrants to the transferee and, if the transfer is by indorsement, to any subsequent transferee
that: (1) The warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the instrument; (2) All signatures
on the instrument are authentic and authorized; (3) The instrument has not been altered; (4)
The instrument is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment of any party which can be
asserted against the warrantor; and (5) The warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding
commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the
drawer. (b) A person to whom the warranties under subsection (a) are made and who took the
instrument in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty
an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount
of the instrument plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a...
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7-9A-403
Section 7-9A-403 Agreement not to assert defenses against assignee. (a) "Value."
In this section, "value" has the meaning provided in Section 7-3-303(a). (b) Agreement
not to assert claim or defense. Except as otherwise provided in this section, an agreement
between an account debtor and an assignor not to assert against an assignee any claim or defense
that the account debtor may have against the assignor is enforceable by an assignee that takes
an assignment: (1) for value; (2) in good faith; (3) without notice of a claim of a property
or possessory right to the property assigned; and (4) without notice of a defense or claim
in recoupment of the type that may be asserted against a person entitled to enforce a negotiable
instrument under Section 7-3-305(a). (c) When subsection (b) not applicable. Subsection (b)
does not apply to defenses of a type that may be asserted against a holder in due course of
a negotiable instrument under Section 7-3-305(b). (d) Omission of required statement...
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7-8-114
Section 7-8-114 Evidentiary rules concerning certificated securities. The following rules apply
in an action on a certificated security against the issuer: (1) Unless specifically denied
in the pleadings, each signature on a security certificate or in a necessary indorsement is
admitted. (2) If the effectiveness of a signature is put in issue, the burden of establishing
effectiveness is on the party claiming under the signature, but the signature is presumed
to be genuine or authorized. (3) If signatures on a security certificate are admitted or established,
production of the certificate entitles a holder to recover on it unless the defendant establishes
a defense or a defect going to the validity of the security. (4) If it is shown that a defense
or defect exists, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the plaintiff or some
person under whom the plaintiff claims is a person against whom the defense or defect cannot
be asserted. (Acts 1996, No. 96-742, p. 1241, §1.)...
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7-3-411
Section 7-3-411 Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks, and certified checks. (a)
In this section, "obligated bank" means the acceptor of a certified check or the
issuer of a cashier's check or teller's check bought from the issuer. (b) If the obligated
bank wrongfully (i) refuses to pay a cashier's check or certified check, (ii) stops payment
of a teller's check, or (iii) refuses to pay a dishonored teller's check, the person asserting
the right to enforce the check is entitled to compensation for expenses and loss of interest
resulting from the nonpayment and may recover consequential damages if the obligated bank
refuses to pay after receiving notice of particular circumstances giving rise to the damages.
(c) Expenses or consequential damages under subsection (b) are not recoverable if the refusal
of the obligated bank to pay occurs because (i) the bank suspends payments, (ii) the obligated
bank asserts a claim or defense of the bank that it has reasonable grounds to...
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7-4-208
Section 7-4-208 Presentment warranties. (a) If an unaccepted draft is presented to the drawee
for payment or acceptance and the drawee pays or accepts the draft, (i) the person obtaining
payment or acceptance, at the time of presentment, and (ii) a previous transferor of the draft,
at the time of transfer, warrant to the drawee that pays or accepts the draft in good faith
that: (1) The warrantor is, or was, at the time the warrantor transferred the draft, a person
entitled to enforce the draft or authorized to obtain payment or acceptance of the draft on
behalf of a person entitled to enforce the draft; (2) The draft has not been altered; and
(3) The warrantor has no knowledge that the signature of the purported drawer of the draft
is unauthorized. (b) A drawee making payment may recover from a warrantor damages for breach
of warranty equal to the amount paid by the drawee less the amount the drawee received or
is entitled to receive from the drawer because of the payment. In addition,...
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