7-3-407
Section 7-3-407 Alteration. (a) "Alteration" means (i) an unauthorized change in
an instrument that purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party, or (ii) an
unauthorized addition of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete instrument relating
to the obligation of a party. (b) Except as provided in subsection (c), an alteration fraudulently
made discharges a party whose obligation is affected by the alteration unless that party assents
or is precluded from asserting the alteration. No other alteration discharges a party, and
the instrument may be enforced according to its original terms. (c) A payor bank or drawee
paying a fraudulently altered instrument or a person taking it for value, in good faith and
without notice of the alteration, may enforce rights with respect to the instrument (i) according
to its original terms, or (ii) in the case of an incomplete instrument altered by unauthorized
completion, according to its terms as completed. (Acts 1965, No. 549,...
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7-3-302
Section 7-3-302 Holder in due course. (a) Subject to subsection (c) and Section 7-3-106(d),
"holder in due course" means the holder of an instrument if: (1) The instrument
when issued or negotiated to the holder does not bear such apparent evidence of forgery or
alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity;
and (2) The holder took the instrument (i) for value, (ii) in good faith, (iii) without notice
that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or that there is an uncured default
with respect to payment of another instrument issued as part of the same series, (iv) without
notice that the instrument contains an unauthorized signature or has been altered, (v) without
notice of any claim to the instrument described in Section 7-3-306, and (vi) without notice
that any party has a defense or claim in recoupment described in Section 7-3-305(a). (b) Notice
of discharge of a party, other than discharge in an insolvency proceeding,...
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7-3-412
Section 7-3-412 Obligation of issuer of note or cashier's check. The issuer of a note or cashier's
check or other draft drawn on the drawer is obliged to pay the instrument (i) according to
its terms at the time it was issued or, if not issued, at the time it first came into possession
of a holder, or (ii) if the issuer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms
when completed, to the extent stated in Sections 7-3-115 and 7-3-407. The obligation is owed
to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or to an indorser who paid the instrument under
Section 7-3-415. (Acts 1995, No. 95-668, p. 1381, §1.)...
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7-3-413
Section 7-3-413 Obligation of acceptor. (a) The acceptor of a draft is obliged to pay the draft
(i) according to its terms at the time it was accepted, even though the acceptance states
that the draft is payable "as originally drawn" or equivalent terms, (ii) if the
acceptance varies the terms of the draft, according to the terms of the draft as varied, or
(iii) if the acceptance is of a draft that is an incomplete instrument, according to its terms
when completed, to the extent stated in Sections 7-3-115 and 7-3-407. The obligation is owed
to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to the drawer or an indorser who paid the draft
under Section 7-3-414 or 7-3-415. (b) If the certification of a check or other acceptance
of a draft states the amount certified or accepted, the obligation of the acceptor is that
amount. If (i) the certification or acceptance does not state an amount, (ii) the amount of
the instrument is subsequently raised, and (iii) the instrument is then negotiated to a...

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7-3-415
Section 7-3-415 Obligation of indorser. (a) Subject to subsections (b), (c), and (d) and to
Section 7-3-419(d), if an instrument is dishonored, an indorser is obliged to pay the amount
due on the instrument (i) according to the terms of the instrument at the time it was indorsed,
or (ii) if the indorser indorsed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed,
to the extent stated in Sections 7-3-115 and 7-3-407. The obligation of the indorser is owed
to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or to a subsequent indorser who paid the instrument
under this section. (b) If an indorsement states that it is made "without recourse"
or otherwise disclaims liability of the indorser, the indorser is not liable under subsection
(a) to pay the instrument. (c) If notice of dishonor of an instrument is required by Section
7-3-503 and notice of dishonor complying with that section is not given to an indorser, the
liability of the indorser under subsection (a) is discharged. (d)...
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7-3-115
Section 7-3-115 Incomplete instrument. (a) "Incomplete instrument" means a signed
writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing
that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words
or numbers. (b) Subject to subsection (c), if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under
Section 7-3-104, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according
to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument
under Section 7-3-104, but, after completion, the requirements of Section 7-3-104 are met,
the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion. (c) If words
or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is
an alteration of the incomplete instrument under Section 7-3-407. (d) The burden of establishing
that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without...
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7-3-414
Section 7-3-414 Obligation of drawer. (a) This section does not apply to cashier's checks or
other drafts drawn on the drawer. (b) If an unaccepted draft is dishonored, the drawer is
obliged to pay the draft (i) according to its terms at the time it was issued or, if not issued,
at the time it first came into possession of a holder, or (ii) if the drawer signed an incomplete
instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in Sections 7-3-115
and 7-3-407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to an indorser
who paid the draft under Section 7-3-415. (c) If a draft is accepted by a bank, the drawer
is discharged, regardless of when or by whom acceptance was obtained. (d) If a draft is accepted
and the acceptor is not a bank, the obligation of the drawer to pay the draft if the draft
is dishonored by the acceptor is the same as the obligation of an indorser under Section 7-3-415(a)
and (c). (e) If a draft states that it is drawn...
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7-8-206
Section 7-8-206 Completion or alteration of security certificate. (a) If a security certificate
contains the signatures necessary to its issue or transfer but is incomplete in any other
respect: (1) any person may complete it by filling in the blanks as authorized; and (2) even
if the blanks are incorrectly filled in, the security certificate as completed is enforceable
by a purchaser who took it for value and without notice of the incorrectness. (b) A complete
security certificate that has been improperly altered, even if fraudulently, remains enforceable,
but only according to its original terms. (Acts 1965, No. 549, p. 811; repealed by Acts 1996,
No. 96-742, p. 1241, §1; added by Acts 1996, No. 96-742, p. 1241, §1.)...
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7-4-207
Section 7-4-207 Transfer warranties. (a) A customer or collecting bank that transfers an item
and receives a settlement or other consideration warrants to the transferee and to any subsequent
collecting bank that: (1) The warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the item; (2) All
signatures on the item are authentic and authorized; (3) The item has not been altered; (4)
The item is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment (Section 7-3-305(a)) of any party
that can be asserted against the warrantor; and (5) The warrantor has no knowledge of any
insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an
unaccepted draft, the drawer. (b) If an item is dishonored, a customer or collecting bank
transferring the item and receiving settlement or other consideration is obliged to pay the
amount due on the item (i) according to the terms of the item at the time it was transferred,
or (ii) if the transfer was of an incomplete item, according to its terms...
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7-3-103
Section 7-3-103 Definitions. (a) In this article: (1) "Acceptor" means a drawee who
has accepted a draft. (2) "Drawee" means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.
(3) "Drawer" means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering
payment. (4) "Good faith" means honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned.
(5) "Maker" means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking
to pay. (6) "Order" means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person
giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person
giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in
succession. An authorization to pay is not an order unless the person authorized to pay is
also instructed to pay. (7) "Ordinary care" in the case of a person engaged in business
means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person
is located, with respect...
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